parent,father,mother,uncle,aunt,cousin,husband,wife,brother,sister,nephew,niece,son,daughter

汉语重视亲属关系(kinship),至少自古如此。尽管现代没有了七大姑八大姨的,但正月里省亲时也常常吃惊的发现,原来的三口之家竟串联着好些个大个家族。许多从未谋面的小朋友跳出来跟着你叫叔叔、舅舅,感叹完时光飞逝了,也赞叹起血脉长青。相对来说英语国家的家庭结构简单多了。一个核心家庭(nuclear family)中通常只有一对夫妇和他们未成年的子女,孩子长大后马上离开父母去独立生活,自立门户。亲属们不住在一起,也就没有必要分得那么清楚了。

parent,father,mother,uncle,aunt,cousin,husband,wife,brother,sister,nephew,niece,son,daughter差不多就可以描述完一个核心家庭中所有成员了。

	

grandsire,grandparent,grandfather,grandmother,granduncle,grandaunt,grandcousin,grandnephew,grandniece,grandson,granddaughter

相对复杂些的家庭,在核心家庭成员的基础上加上grand-前缀即可。grand-前缀通常表示“隔一代的(亲戚关系)”之义。

	

mom(my), mum(my), dad(dy), pa, ma, auntie, aunty, granny, grandma, grandpa,sis,pater,mater

家庭关系简单也并代表家庭成员间的关系不亲密,相反英语中大量的昵称词汇比起汉语中大量的敬称和谦称词汇似乎更加有人情味些。pater,mater是古英语词汇现已基本被father,mother所取代。

	

great-great-grandfather,great-great-grandmother,great-grandfather,great-grandmother

如果家族历史上有杰出人物需要追忆的话,在grand的基础上加great。一个great代表一代人,great越多也就越有传说色彩。

	

forefather,foremother,forebear

fore来自英语介副词fore,原意是before,可表示时间或位置的“前”。fore-是派生前缀,只与单词相缀合,意为front,before,beforehand等。它在构词中起修饰作用,所以,一般不影响基单词的词性。常见的词有以下这些:
表示front:forefoot,forebody,foreground,foreword,forego,foregoer,foregoing,foregone,forearm,foredeck,forefinger,forefront,foremast,forehead,foreleg,forepart,foresail,forebay,forebitt,foreboard,foreboom,foreboot,forebrain,forebreast,forebridge,forecabin,forecaddie,forecarriage,forecastle,forechains,forecheck,forechoir,forecited,forecourse,forecourt,foredeck,foredeep,foredoor,foredge,foreface,forefeet,forefield,foreflow,forefront,foregate,foregirt,forehand,forehatch,forehead,forehold,forehoods,forehorse,forelady,foreland,forelandbasin,foreleech,forelift,forelimb,forelock,foreman,foremastman,foremilk,foreneck,foreoath,forepaw,forepeak,forepiece,foreplane,foreplate,foreplay,forepleasure,forepost,forepressure,forepump,forequarter,forerake,forereach,foreribs,foreroom,foresaddle,foresail,foresaid,foreshank,foreship,foreshock,foreshore,forestage,forestair,foretack,forethigh,foretooth,foretop,foretopman,foretopmast,foretopsail,foretruck,foreturn,forewing,forewoman,foreword,foreworld,foreyard

表示before:forenoon,forementioned,foretime,forest,forebear,forefather,forefatherly,forefathers,forerunforedate,forename,foreknowledge,foremother,foredate,foredawn,forenight,forepart,forepassed,forepast,foretime,foretype

表示beforehand:forebode,foreboding,forecast,foreclose,foreclosure,foresee,foreseer,foreknow,foresake,foredoom,foredoomed,foretell,forearm,forethought,foresight,forewarn,foreconscious,forecooler,forecooling,foredo,foredone,forefell,forefelling,forefend,foregather,foregift,foreglimpse,foregrinding,forehanded,foreheater,forejudge,forenotice,foreordain,foreordination,forepole,forepoling,foreset,foreshadowing,forestall,foretaste,foretaster,foretoken,forewarm,forewarming,forewarmer,

	

ancestor,forebear,primogenitor,progenitor,stirps
ancestor泛指先祖,不是特定的。也常常表示机械等的原型。
forebear一般作one’s forebears,指的是特定的可以查出的祖先
primogenitor”始祖,祖先”,尤其是指最早祖先。
progenitor(人,动物,植物)祖先或者(艺术,政治,学术活动)创始人,先驱。来自古法语”progeniteur”。

	

ancestry,stirps
ancestry表示祖先世系,强调人的世系、世家、出身、血统。
stirps更多用于动物,植物的种群和种族。

	

descendant,posterity,offspring,progeny
descendant强调后代, 后裔,种群、产品型号的延续性,
posterity强调后世,时间上的顺序。
offspring来自于古英语”ofspring”,可以理解为”春天的礼赐”吧,这通常包括了人的子女后代和动物的崽。也被引申为产物,结果。
progeny是progenitor的反义词,表示人,动物,植物后代,后裔也指流派的后来人。

	

father-in-raw,fother-in-raw,brother-in-raw,sister-in-raw,son-in-raw,daughter-in-raw

英美国家也是重法律的国家,结婚以后,双方的immediate family(直系亲属)就都变成了对方的in-laws(姻亲)——father-in-law(岳父/公公),mother-in-law(岳母/婆婆),sister-in-law(姑子/姨子/嫂子/弟媳),brother-in-law(内兄、弟/大伯子/小叔子/姐夫/妹夫)。这一切关系都只是因为law。

	

stepfamily,stepparent,stepfather,stepmother,stepdame,stepchild,stepbrother,stepsister,stepdaughter
step-前缀表示父母再婚而构成的亲缘关系。

	

foster parent,foster father,foster mother,foster child,foster son
foster 为收养的意思,与adopt为同义词。foster parent也常与adopter换用。

	

parent,guardian,adopter,genitor,stepparent

parent为父母的统称;guardian指法律上的监护人;adopter是指养父母,通常也用foster parent;genitor指亲生父母;stepparent是继父(stepfather)继母(stepmother)。