3. 辅音

3.1 辅音分类A：声带振动

按照声带振动情况可以将辅音分为清辅音和浊辅音。
清辅音（Voiceless Consonants）：发音时声带完全敞开，气流通过声带没有引起振动。
浊辅音 （Voiced Consonants）：发音时声带合拢，气流通过声带并引起振动。

清辅音和浊辅音

1) 英语中有十组对应的清浊辅音，每一组对应的清浊辅音在发音时发音部位和发音方式都是完全相同的，只以声带振动与否来进行区别：

清辅音：[p] [t] [k] [f] [θ] [s] [ʃ] [ts] [tʃ] [tr]
浊辅音：[b] [d] [g] [v] [ð] [z] [ʒ] [dz] [dʒ] [dr]

2) 英语中有些音是没有相对应的清浊辅音的，它们是：

清辅音：[h]
浊辅音：[m] [n] [ŋ] [l] [r]

3) 另外，人们习惯上把半元音也归为浊辅音用。

浊辅音：[j] [w]

3.2 辅音分类B: 气流通过口腔产生的效果

根据气流通过口腔时产生的不同效果可将辅音分为爆破音、摩擦音、塞擦音、鼻音和舌边音。另外，我们将半元音也放在这一部分，方便练习掌握。

摩擦音：口腔通道较窄，气流通过时产生摩擦。
爆破音：气流在口腔中完全封闭，然后再突然释放，在释放时不产生任何阻碍和摩擦。
塞擦音：气流通过口腔时被闭住，释放时气流通道又不完全敞开。
鼻音： 发音时需要鼻腔共鸣。
舌边音：发音时气流从舌的两侧同过。
半元音：[w] [j]

爆破音(plosive) ：

在相当时间内，气流通道完全阻塞，气流（一般由于肺部的动作）受压，然后突然放开阻塞，发出爆破的声音。
英语中的爆破音有六个，它们是: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]

嘴唇闭气：[p] [b]
舌前端在上齿齿龈和硬腭前端闭气：[t] [d]
舌后端抬高，软腭下垂进行闭气：[k] [g]

Read the dialogues, paying attention to the pronunciation of plosives.
1)
A: How do you do? I’m Parker.
B: How do you do, Mr. Barker?
A: Parker.
B: Oh, Parker with a P?
A: Yes, with a P.
B: Er…I’m Barker.
A: Barker? With a B. Of course.
B: Yes, with a B.
A: Won’t you come in, Mr. Barker?
B: Thank you, Mr. Parker.
2)
A: I love you, Miss Brown.
B: But how can I believe you, Mr. Black.
A: I’ll jump over the balcony, Miss Brown.
B: Jump over the balcony, Mr. Black?
A: It’ll prove my love, Miss Brown.
B: It’ll break your back, Mr. Black.
A: Then save me and take me back!
3)
A: What’s the date today?
B: December the fifteenth. The day after tomorrow is little Tom’s birthday.
A: Right. What present should we give him this time? By the way, how old is he?
B: He’s still thirteen today and tomorrow. He’ll be fourteen the day after tomorrow. Let’s get him a remote controlled toy truck.
A: How time flies! He’s a big boy now.
B: And don’t forget Mary, Tom’s twin sister. It’s her birthday, too.
A: OK. Let’s invite all their little friends to come and celebrate.
4)
A: Was it a good game?
B: It was a terrific game.
A: You had a good day for it.
B: A beautiful day.
A: Did Chris score?
B: He scored twice.
A: And you?
B: Now where did I put that bottle of milk?
A: Did you score?
B: Ah, got it.
A: Maybe the next game?
B: Sure thing. I’ll score one goal at least.

摩擦音(fricative)

气流通道收窄，气流通过时发出可听擦音。英语中摩擦音有十个。
上齿接触下唇： [f] [v]
上齿与舌面摩擦： [θ] [ð]
上齿齿龈产生摩擦： [s] [z]
硬腭摩擦： [r] [ʃ] [ʒ]
声带摩擦： [h]

Read the dialogues, while paying attention to the pronunciation of fricatives.
1)
A: Frank flatters me, Fred.
B: Frank flatters everybody.
A: He said I create a flame in his heart.
B: A flame in his heart?
A: A furious flame! He says I drive him frantic!
B: You drive me frantic, too, Fanny.
A: Oh, Fred! You old flatterer.
B: But don’t forget to fry the fish, Fanny.
2)
A: Seven days old! She’s a lovely baby!
B: She’s a beautiful baby!
A: And she’s a clever baby.
B: And her voice, her voice is so… so clear!
A: She’s got a very clear voice, indeed.
B: And she’s big for a baby of her age!
3)
A: Date of birth?
B: The third of March, nineteen thirty-three.
A: The third of March, nineteen thirty-three?
B: I think…
A: You think what?
B: I think it was the third, but maybe it was the fourth.
A: You think it was either the third or the fourth? You’re not sure of your own date of birth?
B: No, I’m sorry.
A: Anyway, the position has been taken already. So it doesn’t matter you’re not sure of your date of birth.
4)
A: Maybe you’ll let me play in the mud, Mother?
B: Don’t you dare play there.
A: Father doesn’t mind if we play in the mud.
B: Father doesn’t wash the dirty clothes, dear.
5)
A: I’ll sing you a song.
B: Yes, sing a song. But don’t sing a sad song.
A: Most of my songs are sad, sorry.
B: Well, please sing one that’s not within the definition of too sad.
A: OK, I’ll sing San Francisco, then.
6)
A: A shirt, sir? Yes, sir. This one will suit you. It’s in a very fashionable shade.
B: Mm. I want something simpler.
A: A silver one, maybe? It’s got something special on the sleeve.
B: Can’t you show me a simple shirt in a simple shade? Maybe I should try the next shop.
7)
A: Who’s that over there?
B: Oh, that’s John. He’s the Club Treasurer.
A: What’s he doing there?
B: Watching television.
A: And does he always sleep when the television’s on?
B: Usually he does.
A: Ah.
B: And occasionally he snores.
A: Rather noisily.
B: As even the man on the moon must have noticed! You and your friend are looking at some things in a shop window but you can’t see very well.
A: Is that a radio?
B: It looks like a radio.
A: Is that a pretty dress?
B: It looks like a pretty dress.
A: Is that a rugby ball?
B: It looks like a rugby ball.
A: Is that a record?
B: It looks like a record.
A: Is that a record player?
B: It looks like a record player.
A: Is that a refrigerator?
B: It looks like a refrigerator.
9)
A: How handsome Henry is!
B: Henry is handsome, isn’t he?
A: And how hardworking Henry is!
B: Henry does work hard.
A: And how honest Henry is!
B: Oh? Is Henry honest?

塞擦音(affricate)

其形成如爆破音，但发音器官放开阻塞较慢，因而在放开阻塞时可以听得出相应的摩擦。
英语中塞擦音有六个：
牙齿处闭气： [ts] [dz]
硬腭前端摩擦： [tʃ] [dʒ]
舌头在硬腭处闭气： [tr] [dr]

Read the dialogues, while paying attention to the affricates.
1)
A：We need some cheese.
B：I’ve just bought some cheese.
A：And we need some chocolate.
B：I’ve just bought some chocolate.
A：And what about chicken soup?
B：I’ve just bought some chicken soup.
A：Good, but we still haven’t got enough chairs.
B：Don’t worry. I’ve just bought some cheap chairs.
A：That’s everything then. Oh no! China plates.
2)
A：You can’t do that!
B：Of course I can. It’s my bridge.
A：But you can’t chop it down!
B：It’s my bridge, and I’m chopping it down.
A：Don’t chop it down! How shall we cross? We can’t manage without it.
B：Well, you’ve got to learn how to jump really far! Jump! Jump!

鼻音(nasal)

口腔通道完全阻塞，但软颚下垂，气流自由通过鼻腔发出的音。英语中鼻音有三个：
嘴唇处闭气： [m]
舌前端在硬腭处闭气： [n]
舌后部抬高，软腭下垂闭气： [ŋ]

Read the dialogues, while paying attention to the nasals.
1)
A：Don’t be alarmed if Mum stamps.
B：And don’t be alarmed if Mum screams.
A：It’s not what it seems.
B：Don’t be alarmed. You won’t really be harmed.
2)
A：Norman went. And he never returned.
B：He went? When?
A：Oh, about the end of June.
B：Did he send the rent?
A：Yes, and I’ve found a new tenant, Nancy Noble.
B：I hope there won’t be any problems.
A：You don’t know Nancy, do you?
B：Well, I once lent her some cash and she never returned it.
3)
A friend is helping you to do a crossword puzzle.
A：I think it’s “singing”.
B：No, “singing” is wrong.
A：What about ”ringing”?
B：No, “ringing” is wrong.
A：Well, can it be “bringing”?
B：No, “bringing” is wrong.
A：What about “thinking”?
B：No, “thinking” is wrong.
A：Well, is it “hanging”?
B：No, “hanging” is wrong.
A：What about “drinking”?
B：No, “drinking” is wrong.
A：Oh, dear, is anything going to be right?

舌边音(lateral)

气流通道中央阻塞，在阻塞处的两边或一边留下通道让气流自由通过时发出的音。
英语中舌边音只有一个：[l]

Read the dialogue, while paying attention to the lateral.

A：If you look on the library shelves, you’ll find A History of the Lakes. The Lakes were a large, rich, but unlucky family.They had thirteen children. The first eleven were killed in mysterious fatal accidents. And the twelfth, Lance… Poor Lance was eaten by wolves.
B：And the remaining child? The last of the Lakes?
A：I was lucky. I inherited everything. Now sign the contract or I may start calling you brother!

半元音(semi-vowel)

即有声滑音。发这个音时，发音器官开始时轻微地发出一个本身响度较弱的音，然后立即过渡到一个响度相同或更加显著的音。
英语中半元音有两个：[w] [j]

Read the dialogue, while paying attention to the semi-vowels.

A：How much do we have to give?
B：We don’t have to give.
A：I’ll give whatever Mrs. Whitney gave.
B：She gave five.
A：Very well, I’ll give five dollars, too.
B：She gave five hundred dollars.
A：Oh, my! She always gives too much.

Read the two poems.
1)
We waddle away from the water.
And now we will waddle back.
Then swish, swish, we are swimming again.
Quack! Quack! Quack!
2)
When the orchard yield will be gathered soon.
And the fields beyond are yellow with corn,
The dog in our yard awakes with a yawn,
And yaps and yelps at the yellow moon.