在“词与句子”一节中，我们设计了一个简单的实验来理解“词类”、“句子成分”和“句型”，并且讨论了英语中的词类划分。在“词用法举例”一节中又概略地描述了各类词的基本用法。本节将继承上面的认识，继续将句子分析的知识推进到句子级别。

句子成分

句子成分，即句子的各个组成部分。每一个句子成分的都在句子中的发挥一定的功能、都由一定的词、短语或子句来实现，根据这一特征可以将它们划分为基本成分（主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语）、附属成分（定语、状语）、独立成分、连接成分、省略成分。

基本成分

主语:一个句子说叙说的主体

主语一般在句首，通常由名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、词组、从句或相当于名词的其他词类担任，如：

• Horses are mamals.<名词>
• Nobody knows the answer.<代词>
• Two-thirds of them are college students.<数词>
• Reading French is easier than speaking it.<动名词>
• Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.<动名词>
• The reading of the will took place in the lawyer’s office.<动名词>
• To compromise appears advisable.<动词不定式>
• To each according to his work is a socialist priciple.<词组>
• What she saw gave her a little fright.<从句>
• The well-to-do had their cares also.<名词化形容词>

谓语:说明主语的动作或状态

谓语有广义与狭义之分。广义的谓语指主语之外，包括动词在内的部分，主语可说是句子的主题，谓语指关于主语的情况，如：

• He works in a bank.(广义理解)
• He works in a bank.(狭义理解)
• I will take care of the expenses.(广义理解)
• I will take care of the expenses.(狭义理解)

为了便于划分其他成分，本文采用的是狭义理解的谓语。

表语:说明主语的身份、特征和状态

表语也称补语，一般位于系动词之后。表语通常由名词、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、动词不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句表示，如：

• He proved a trustworthy friend.<名词>
• It’s something to be home again withou an accident.<代词>
• My daughter is sixteen next month.<数词>
• She looked quite cheerful.<形容词>
• My teacher is both gentle and encouraging towards me.<现在分词>
• Where is Shakespeare buried?<过去分词>
• My aunt’s hobby is growing roses.<动名词>
• All you have to do is to press this button.<动词不定式>
• I’m off to Europe on Monday.<副词>
• His show is on the air at six o’clock.<介词短语>
• That would be a great weigh off my mind.<词组>
• Money is what they are after. <从句>

宾语:表示动作的对象，是主语动作的承受者

宾语一般位于及物动词和介词之后，通常可以由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动名词、不定式、复合结构、从句来表示，如：

• Fasten your seatbelts,please.<名词>
• Do you have anything to declare?<代词>
• They laid off one-third of the workers.<数词>
• Respect the old and cherish the young.<名词化形容词>
• Stop acting like a child.<动名词>
• He tried not to offend her.<不定式>
• I find this weather very trying.<复合结构>
• I don’t understand what you mean.<从句>

宾语补足语:部分及物动词需要补足语以说明宾语的行为、特征、状态、身份等

宾语补足语一般谓语宾语之后，和宾语一起构成复合宾语，有以下几种情况：

• I’ve never known you so cheerful.<名词+形容词>
• Please call me jim.<名词+名词>
• Tell them to hurry up.<名词+不定式>
• I heard a nightingale singing in the wood.<名词+分词>
• I found him in excellent spirits.<名词+介词短语或副词>

附属成分

定语:修饰名词和代词

定语可以用形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、分词、不定式、介词短语、副词、短语或合成词、从句表示，如：

• It’s a fine(windy,rainy,warm) day.<形容词>
• Whose child is it?<代词>
• There are twenty students in out class.<数词>
• She is a college graduate.<名词>
• What’s your government’s attitude towards the problem?<名词所有格>
• These are the roads leading to the beach.<分词>
• I’ve something important to discuss with you.<不定式>
• He is absorbed in his work on bacteria.<介词短语>
• I have nothing special on tonight.<副词>
• He is an easy-going man.<合成词>
• Is there anything I can do for you?<从句>

状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词，说明时间、地点、原因、方式、程度

状语一般可由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、形容词、词组、复合结构、从句表示，如：

• He secretly decided to leave the twon.<副词>
• He traceled in the desert for six months.<介词短语>
• I went there to see my grandmother.<不定式>
• Being a poor teacher,he can’t afford to buy a car.<现在分词>
• Compared to her affection,nothing else had any worth.<过去分词>
• He said nothing but sat silent smoking.<形容词>
• I shall stay another five months.<词组>
• It being a holiday,the library isn’t open.<复合结构>
• Next time you come in,please close the door.<从句>

状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词，说明时间、地点、原因、方式、程度

状语一般可由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、形容词、词组、复合结构、从句表示，如：

• He secretly decided to leave the twon.<副词>
• He traceled in the desert for six months.<介词短语>
• I went there to see my grandmother.<不定式>
• Being a poor teacher,he can’t afford to buy a car.<现在分词>
• Compared to her affection,nothing else had any worth.<过去分词>
• He said nothing but sat silent smoking.<形容词>
• I shall stay another five months.<词组>
• It being a holiday,the library isn’t open.<复合结构>
• Next time you come in,please close the door.<从句>

独立成分

一个词或一个词组，如果在句子中和其他词或词组没有语法上的联系，则称为独立成分。独立成分可以是感叹语，呼语或是插入语。

感叹语：表示突然产生的感情

感叹语通常用感叹词来表示，但也可以是名词、形容词、动词、副词、短语、不定式或从句，如：

• Oh！ What is that？<感叹词>
• Bah！ I am not a pig to be treated so．<感叹词>
• A whale！Look there．<名词>
• Silence！Father is sleeping．<名词>
• The way he talks！You would think him a professor．<名词，由定语从句修饰>
• Marvellous！ This is the first time I’ve seen it．<形容词>
• What a job！<形容词>
• Look！ Here is her letter．<动词>
• Away！Let me see you no more．<副词>
• Quickly！It’s dangerous．<副词>
• Ah me！<代词>
• A fig for Rex！ he spoils everything．<短语>
• To think you could be so ungrateful！<不定式>
• That you should turn against me！<从句>

呼语：说话人对听话人（或拟人化的东西）的称呼

• Waiter,four cups of tea, please．
• May I help you,madam?
• Officer, where is Union Square?
• My dear son, you have always been in my mind．
• Freedom! How I miss you!

插入语：整个句子是怎样说的或应怎样理解，可以看作是句子的修饰语

插入语可以是一个插入的陈述句、独立分词、独立不定式或独立副词（短语）。

• The boy，I think，has come from the country．<陈述句>
• The people of this country， let it be understood， are poorer now than before． <陈述句>
• Allowing for the rain，he will arrive at ten． <独立分词>
• Considering his age，he is clever．<独立分词>
• To speak the（precise）truth,I can do very little for you．<独立不定式>
• To put it bluntly，that is nothing but a lie．<独立不定式>
• In fact，he is not the son of his present“father”．<独立副词>
• He has，oddly enough，married eleven times and yet has not a single wife．<独立副词>
• Certainly（or Indeed，Surely，Definitely），he is the best man I know．<独立副词>
• Amazingly（or Annoyingly， Disappointingly，Regrettably），it rained so hard on his wedding day．<独立副词>
• As a result，both died in the fighting．<独立副词>

省略成分

省略成分表示没有说出来，却在句中含有一定意思的内容。

• (You) Come here．
• (I wish you) Good luck！
• Some gave him praises,but others (gave him) rotten eggs．

连接成分

连接成分实际上是一个并列连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。